Most primates are omnivores, although there are several groups of primates that have adaptations for pure herbivory (e. In fact, primates are among the most social of animals. The existing, very fragmentary fossil evidence (from Asia, Europe, North Africa, and. Primate - Evolution, Paleontology, Adaptations: The range of supposed primates was possibly extended to the Late Cretaceous by the discovery of teeth representing insectivore-like primates of the genus Purgatorius. Koalas have fingerprints almost identical to ours. Table of Contents. Primates such as leaf monkeys and capuchins that habitually consume tough or hard foods (mature leaves, seeds) have relatively broad faces and short jaws that are retracted beneath the midface. Historically, captive lemur diets high in vitamin C-rich fruits have been thought to cause hemosiderosis, a type of iron overload disorder, since vitamin C increases iron. Some primate species possess a prehensile tail. Quadrupedalism remains the most common form of primate locomotion and is often considered the basal locomotor mode for the order (Hunt et al. Primates range in size from the 160 kg male mountain gorilla to the less than 100 gram pygmy marmoset. The uterus shows all grades of transition from the two-horned to the single-chambered uterus. We sure are an unusual species of primate, though! Primates include lemurs,. The review of the medical literature revealed 21 peer-reviewed studies investigating the physiological or. Identify the reasons why primates make loud calls. This ape group can be further subdivided into the Great Apes and Lesser Apes. & Gonder, M. Euprimates (true primates) - a clade of living primates (lemurs, lorises, galagos, tarsiers, platyrrhines, and catarrrhines), extinct omomyiforms and adapiforms, and all extinct species that are. 5 billion people. encounters with predators. Figure 5. 2. This lab gives students the opportunity to observe characteristics of. net dictionary. Primates are a vast order of placental mammals currently divided into 2 suborders: strepsirrhines and haplorhines. We will discuss best types of primates. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini, the latter of which consists of the family Cercopithecidae ( Old. Primates are characterized by: arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and parental investment. Related terms for primate- synonyms, antonyms and sentences with primate1 INTRODUCTION. Prosimians are a group of primates that includes all living and extinct strepsirrhines ( lemurs, lorisoids, and adapiforms ), [5] as well as the haplorhine tarsiers and their extinct relatives, the omomyiforms, i. 3. These include a clawlike nail on the second toe, referred to as a grooming claw, and incisors in the lower jaw that are tightly packed together and protrude from the mouth, forming what is. There are approximately 240 primate species. The order Primates, with its 300 or more species, is the third most diverse order of mammals, after rodents and bats. noun, plural: primates. Given the diversity in the field, examination of several definitions is required to paint a complete picture. Primates retain collarbones, a separate radius and ulna, and in most a separate tibia and fibula. How to use primate in a sentence. Non-human primates live primarily in the tropical or subtropical regions of South America, Africa, and Asia. Primates also typically have hands and feet that are well designed for grasping (with long fingers, opposable thumbs and big toes, and nails rather than claws on most digits), and other skeletal. Fossils include Pliopithecus, Dryopithecus, Sivapithecus, Oreopithecus, and Morotopithecus. Relative to other primates, strepsirrhine adaptations include. Pervasive incomplete lineage sorting illuminates speciation and selection in primates. In fact, the term ape has a. Primates are highly social creatures, living in various group structures such as mated pairs, small family groups, or larger groups of multiple individuals. This term applies to all wildlife species, including threatened and endangered, used for meat. • Two Key Traits: • Grasping hands and feet (opposable thumb) • Forward oriented eyes. The journal welcomes for consideration manuscripts from all areas of primatology. The great apes are the smartest of all nonhuman primates, with orangutans and chimpanzees consistently besting monkeys and lemurs on a variety of intelligence tests, Duke University. (credit: Dawn Armfield/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain) Primates—including human beings—are characterized by a number of distinct physical features that distinguish them. Little is known of these rare primates. This paper is the introduction to a special issue on “'Monogamy' in Primates: Variability, Trends, and Synthesis”. July 11, 2023 — Group size and mating preferences may have caused male primates, including humans, to evolve deeper voices than females. 752. Their diet depends on the species and the environment in which they live. Yet some monkeys have taken things one step further, evolving a prehensile tail. Primates are divided into two sub-orders ie. In these monkeys, their tail functions almost as a dexterous fifth limb, and is used for sturdy grasping and. The advanced cognitive abilities of primates are evident in their ability to use and make tools. Others include lemurs, monkeys, gibbons, and human beings. Partidas de futebol e previsões para hoje, melhores apostas e melhores cotas. In primates, some of these new areas took on novel social tasks, such as recognizing faces and the emotions of others, and learning written or spoken language—the very skills that helped to drive the evolution of hominin culture, and, arguably, human intelligence. Primates are very social animals, and all primates, even those that search for food alone, have strong social networks with others of their species. Members of the Order Primates share a last common ancestor varyingly estimated to have lived between approximately 65 and 80 million years ago [15,16,17,18,19,20] with New World monkeys diverging 40–50 million years ago, Old World monkeys 30–35 million years ago, the ape. eat a diet of. Humans are primates–a diverse group that includes some 200 species. b. They vary in size from the tiny mouse lemur, weighing in at a whopping two ounces to the male silverback gorilla who can weigh over 400 pounds. 50 X22. Most primates live in social groups. Apes (Hominoidea) are a group of primates that includes 22 species. Primates Behavior Characteristics A. In taxonomy, the order Primates is the highest order of mammal s. Lima, Peru – 12. The major kinds of primates are humans, apes , monkeys , tarsiers , lemurs , and lorises. The penis is not attached to the abdominal wall but hangs free, and the testes usually lie permanently in the scrotal sac. These animals eat things that make them feel better, or prevent disease, or kill parasites like flatworms, bacteria, and viruses, or just to aid in digestion. Primate life histories can be characterized along many different. Madagascar. Humans are part of the biological group known as primates. Three nonprimates—the flying lemur, treeshrew, and mouse—are shown as outgroups. Manila, Philippines – 9. 103. Figure 1primate definition: 1. Lucy was found by Donald Johanson and Tom Gray on November 24, 1974, at the site of Hadar in Ethiopia. g. Neuronal resilience was associated with a FOXP2-centered regulatory pathway shared between PD-resistant DaNs and glutamatergic excitatory neurons, as. 4. 7 meters (3–5. Because of this, it’s difficult to bring together the behavior of primates in a single article, as each of the more than 200 species in this group displays complex and unique behavior. 1996). Competition between primates takes two forms: Individuals engage in direct competition (e. The study explored the origins of primates as a group. El primate que mayor población ostenta es el ser. Primates exhibit the highest levels of sexual dimorphism amongst mammals, therefore the maximum body dimensions included in this list generally refer to male specimens. The Order Primates, and how many species and where they are in the world. How to use primate in a sentence. chapter 6 anthropology. Size, diet, ecology, locomotion, and anatomy provide a constellation of causes and effects that are critical factors in the evolution of the primates. form of arboreal locomotion, cling to one branch and leap to another. Like other animals, primates communicate to satisfy their biological and social needs, such as avoiding predators, interacting with other group members, or maintaining cohesion during travel. 5. A primate is any mammal of the group that includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. They provide scientists and physicians with irreplaceable opportunities to understand,. for group defense against predators. As primates evolve, visual acuity becomes even more pronounced in monkeys and apes, at which point the orbit evolves to have bone around the rear of the eye as well as along the side. We found that phylogenetic signal varies extensively across and even within trait categories. The central questions of this unique discipline revolve around reconstructing how humans arose from our primate ancestors, interrogating the attributes that make us distinct, and investigating how our evolutionary past shapes human diversity, health, and society today. Primate - Social Behavior, Diet, Adaptations: The young of most higher primates have grasping hands and feet at birth and are able to cling to the maternal fur without assistance. Nature Education Knowledge 4 (2) :1. , body mass varies from 0. rely heavily on their vision. - (6) orangutans. Although most cell subtypes defined transcriptomically are conserved,. In social groups, individual members coordinate their activities, communicate with one another, and interact in both affiliative (friendly. Increased body size is associated with the adoption of supplementary sources of food and led to the transition to quadrupedalism. Although primate locomotion can be quite diverse, there are five locomotor modes observed most often among the nonhuman primates (Fig. aggressive interactions with a rival group. The great apes are the smartest of all nonhuman primates, with orangutans and chimpanzees consistently besting monkeys and lemurs on a variety of intelligence tests, Duke University. Primate taxonomy. They are adapted to an arboreal existence. , Structural similarities shared by a wide array of distantly-related species. The Primates are an ancient and diverse eutherian group, with around 233 living species placed in 13 families. Non-human primates share many characteristics with humans, including their social behavior, communication abilities, and facial features. Otherwise, the few papers on nonhuman primates that. Genus Cheirogaleus • Montagne d'Ambre dwarf lemur, Cheirogaleus andysabini• Furry-eared dwarf lemur, Cheirogaleus crossleyi• Groves' dwarf lemur, Cheirogaleus grovesiPrimate - Primates, Taxonomy, Evolution: The order Primates is divided into two suborders: Strepsirrhini (lemurs and lorises) and Haplorrhini (tarsiers, monkeys, and. Primate. The proto-primates from this epoch are controversial; some argue that they are related to primates but are not actually primates (hence, "proto-primates"). The simian or anthropoid or larger primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes) of primate monkeys containing the parvorders Platyrrhini and Catarrhini, which encompass the superfamilies Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea (together with the genus Homo). Image by Medeis. If you have updates with reliable sources for any of these fact sheets, please. Marmosets, sakis, night monkeys, spider monkeys, Uakaris, and tamarins are examples of New-World Monkeys. Primates are fun and fascinating to watch. Go Ape - The Fascinating World of Primates | Wildlife DocumentaryEveryone loves a cheeky monkey. Infraorder LemuriformesThe First Primates of Modern Aspect: Euprimates • Early Eocene: geographically and climatically similar to the Paleocene • North America and western Europe connected by forested land bridge, with subtropical climate • Early true primates (Euprimates) widely dispersed, and similar between the two continents • Continental drift disrupted. . Overall, 114 of the world’s 394 primate. Morin, P. A large body of literature suggests that these generalisations apply across primates, including lemurs, macaques, mandrills, orangutans, chimps and others; in fact, several studies emphasise the. By Tori Saneda ( CC BY-NC 4. 803. Primates have evolved to eat a variety of different foods. A primate is an animal belonging to the biological order ‘Primates’, a group that contains all species of lemurs, monkeys, and apes worldwide. 8x larger than Chonburi, Thailand. Primates are, on average, more intelligent than other mammals, with great apes and finally humans on top. a person with primacy. Most primates live in social groups. 673. ) or carnivory (e. Among those, primates is an order that includes eutherian mammals such as Monkeys and Apes. The term Order Primates dates back to 1758 when, in his tenth edition of Systema Naturae, Carolus Linnaeus put humans, “simia” (monkeys and apes), “lemurs” (lemurs and colugos), and some bats into one of eight groups of mammals. Some examples of pair-living primates are titi monkeys, owl monkeys, and gibbons. 583. The current consensus – on the basis of anatomy, genetics, and other lines of evidence – is that anthropoids are most closely related to tarsiers and extinct, tarsier-like primates called. A primate city [1] is a city that is the largest in its country, province, state, or region, and disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy. Others are generalists, eating a variety of different things. They have several different alarm calls to alert members of their group to potential danger: Infant contact call: soft purr; Cohesion call: cat's meow; used when the group is widely dispersed; Territorial call: howl; can be heard for over a half a mile (1 kilometer). Most primates are omnivores, although there are several groups of primates that have adaptations for pure herbivory (e. Taxonomic charts of the living primates can be found below. Learn more. Primate - Adaptations, Behavior, Evolution: Structure is relatively unspecialized. They include monkeys, apes, and lemurs, amongst others. primatology: [noun] the study of primates especially other than recent humans (Homo sapiens). Their bodies are different in other ways too: monkeys are generally smaller and narrow-chested, while apes are larger and have broad chests and shoulder joints that allow them to swing through. macaque) Cynomolgous macaque, (Rhe. Tarsius eocaenus is from the Middle Eocene Shanghuang fissure-fills and is known from numerous teeth and a small cranial fragment that is virtually identical to the extant Tarsius in orbital and nasal morphology (Beard et al. The term hominin encompasses all members and. They differ in basic ideas of man, theoretical concepts, investigative methods, and explanatory approaches (Buss 1991; Funder 2007; Cervone and Pervin 2008). I followed this up with an e. It refers to a city that is greater than two times the next largest city in a nation (or contains over one-third of a nation's population). " Importance of Social Bonds "The quality of a female's social bonds can influence her lifetime reproductive success, indicated by apparent efforts in some primate. . Modern humans are the product of evolutionary processes that go back more than 3. Tool use by non-humans is a phenomenon in which a non-human animal uses any kind of tool in order to achieve a goal such as acquiring food and water, grooming, combat, defence, communication, recreation or construction. b. Every species profile includes a color photograph or illustration, a color range map, and information. Prosimians are a group of primates that includes all living and extinct strepsirrhines ( lemurs, lorisoids, and adapiforms ), [5] as well as the haplorhine tarsiers and their extinct relatives, the omomyiforms, i. This course offers a broad survey of living nonhuman primate diversity. PI for most primate species, including chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans, is typical for the mammals, in that female primates invest heavily both pre-natally and post-natally in the care and feeding of infants. Primate-like Mammals. Primates also typically have hands and feet that are well designed for grasping (with long fingers, opposable thumbs and big toes, and nails rather than claws on most digits), and other skeletal. Non-human primates share many characteristics with humans, including their social behavior, communication abilities, and facial features. Cooperation within these groups is essential for survival, with social behaviors including grooming, food sharing, and collective defense against predators or territorial threats. , Tarsius spp. More closely related mammals also vary in tooth form depending on diet, albeit in subtler ways; such is the case with primates (Figure 2). all primates excluding the simians. single female and her offspring. The name means 'first' or 'most important' and was given to the order by Carl Linnaeus. Les primates correspondent à un ordre de mammifères, regroupant entre autres les singes, les lémuriens, les loris, les tarsiers ou l’Homme. All members of this class share certain characteristics, including, among other things, having fur or hair, producing milk from mammary glands, and being warm-blooded. lower primates or Prosimii and the higher primates or Anthropoidea. They use it as it is without modification. unspecialized limbs. g. Primates ideally acquire food with minimal energy investment by choosing clumped food patches that they can remain in for as long as possible. Also, like humans, most primates give birth to only one newborn at a time, which entails a larger investment of parental resources (a sea turtle can afford to ignore its hatchlings, by contrast, because only one newborn out of a clutch of 20 needs to reach the water in order to perpetuate the species). Evolutionary anthropology is the study of humankind's place in nature. Each primate species has either a postorbital bar or a full postorbital closure. 683. Primates are mammals in the order Primates. In general, strepsirrhines tend to be. The order Primates, including more than 500 species, is the third most diverse order of mammals, after rodents (Rodentia) and bats (Chiroptera). Simian. Primates share several adaptations for a life spent in trees. The first known primates in South America have more in common morphologically with African primates than with North American ones. Brains sizes of lower primates have similar. Consequently, interest has grown in how primates adjust their behavior to live in anthropogenic habitats. Apes, also referred to as hominoids, include chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons. Taxonomic charts of the living primates can be found below. An outline classification of living Primates, down to genus level, is shown in the following outline: Order Primates. 1: Three major hypotheses are A) the arboreal hypothesis, B) the visual predation hypothesis, and C) the angiosperm-primate. Many species including chimpanzees make use of the natural resources in their habitats to self-medicate and improve their own health. Semi-free-ranging primates exhibit a more natural pattern of behaviors than they would in a zoo, but not so natural as in the wild. vertical clinging and leaping. Acute vision in primates is the product of several discrete visual adaptations. True/False, Cultural behavior: a. Subsequently, primates tend to have very long life spans, mature later in their lives, and take care of their young. 1 Preventing the extinction of these species requires an understanding of their biology, ecology, life history, behavior, habitat needs, evolutionary. Primates constitute an order of the class Mammalia of zoology that includes the lorises, lemurs, monkeys, tarsiers, apes, and humans. e. The few fossils from the Pliocene include Dolichopithecus and. acquired. Identify the behaviors and characteristics of solitary primates. Soon, groups of small primates were flourishing in forests around the world. More closely related mammals also vary in tooth form depending on diet, albeit in subtler ways; such is the case with primates (Figure 2). Simiiformes. Dental arcade: the shape made by the rows of teeth in the upper jaw. Depending on the particular tradition, it can denote either jurisdictional authority ( title of authority) or (usually) ceremonial precedence ( title of honour ). Non-primates are, at the end of the day, non-primates. Reciprocal altruism can explain costly cooperation between nonrelatives. The human walk has been described as striding. Primates: information (1) Primates: pictures (454) Primates: specimens (622) Primates: sounds (5) Related Taxa. A. Chimpanzees vary considerably in size and appearance, but they stand approximately 1–1. Unfortunately, nearly all African primates. Behavior. In a more general sense, a carnivore is any animal (or plant; see carnivorous plant) that eats other animals, as opposed to a herbivore, which eats plants. First, primates have larger eyes than many other. Primate City Rule. (2013) Primate speciation: A case study of African apes. Much has changed in our understanding of primate social behavior since the pioneering naturalistic field study conducted by Clarence Ray Carpenter on the behavior and social relations of mantled howler monkeys in Panama. The females in each group are red and the males are blue. 95 1X1. 50 1X1. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 3 traits around in primates that distinguish them from other mammals, T/F: According to the primate taxonomy provided in this lab, lemurs are more closely related to tarsiers than they are to lorises. The site where the earliest known like haplorhine fossils were found is called the ___________ Depression. K. As the rate of loss accelerates and new IUCN assessments are being published, we used IUCN Red List assessments and peer-reviewed literature published within the last 5 yr to evaluate the status of primates globally, by region and by taxonomic group. Silky sifaka: Propithecus candidus: 250: CR: Estimate is believed to be a maximum. Primate - Evolution, Adaptation, Diversity: Early primates were small creatures. 2009). Indeed, social networks in primates have been shown to be crucial in times of stress and to enhance reproductive success (Silk et al. for access to mates. Primate - Evolution, Behavior, Anatomy: Primates occupy two major vegetational zones: tropical forest and woodland–grassland, and their adaptive diversity is probably related to adopting new patterns of locomotion. , What was the most important factor leading. Indeed, numerous diverse animal species have evolved to live in groups, including. The largest is. View Answer. Fayum. Changes in maintenance behaviours can provide an early warning sign of a problem. Primates are a diverse order of mammals. There are three types of mammals: monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. They were roughly similar to squirrels and tree shrews in size and appearance. primate. of 10. primate. b. - (5) gibbons. Family Hominidae is one of two ape families (superfamily Hominoidea) in this taxonomic system, the other being Hylobatidae. However, even the term “social monogamy” is used. While naming it that way may have. The biology of our species cannot be fully understood outside of this context. c. The primates are one of the most diverse orders of mammals on Earth. In mammals, PCH is composed of repetitive sequences, including major satellites in mice and α-satellites in primates (Guenatri et al. hamadryas), with males. Skull 2: Strepsirhines, like this lemur, have postorbital bars. Although humans are classified within the Hominoidea, the term ape is not applied to humans and refers instead to all non-human hominoids. Abnormal behavior in nonhuman primates (“primates” hereafter) is often broadly defined as behavior that deviates qualitatively or quantitatively from behaviors performed by conspecifics in their natural habitat (see Erwin, 1979 for an example). Primate sociality. the ancestor of the monkeys and apes. to enhance survival. Primate Feeding Behavior. Interestingly, all of the mating systems seen in primates, i. Early Stone Age Tools. In fact, most non-human primate species are limited to only one of the following six basic patterns: 1. In fact, the term ape has a. In many anthropoid primates, fruit is a primary source of vitamin C, but unlike anthropoid primates, lemurs (and all strepsirrhines) can synthesize their own vitamin C. Consequently, newly acquired nonhuman primates should be quarantined for 1–3 months before research use or introduction into established colonies, to. Many primates, including humans, are unique among mammals because they are trichromats who possess three types of pigments that allow them to perceive a richer array of colors compared to. Suborder Strepsirrhini Cheirogaleus medius Lepilemur ankaranensis Propithecus coquereli Daubentonia madagascariensis Allocebus trichotis Phaner pallescens Lemur catta Primates are mammals in the order Primates. D. Most primates do not shape their environment in an adaptive way. The primates are among the most broadly studied mammalian orders, with the published literature containing extensive analyses of their behavior, physiology, genetics and ecology. Haplorhines, or dry-nosed primates, include tarsiers (Figure 1) and simians (New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans). Haplorhines also possess relatively large brains among primates. Primates —including human beings—are characterized by a number of distinct physical features that distinguish them from other mammals. Chimpanzee, species of ape that, along with the bonobo, is most closely related to humans. Generally concordant, most molecular data suggest extant primates arose approximately 85 MYA from a common ancestor. Four years ago, >60% of species were listed as threatened. Some primates are specialists, eating only a certain type of food. Non-Human Primates (NHP) To review the large number of NHP that are used in biomedical research please see link below. Primate. There is debate over the origin of the anthropoids, i. Nonhuman primates exhibit a wide range of social systems, from solitary living to large groups whose composition is fluid and changing; however, the majority of species show a clear tendency to live in relatively stable, cohesive groups (Isbell and Young 2002). Son buenos para caminar, pero no corren rápidamente, y son hábiles para trepar. 7x larger than Arequippa, Peru. Definition of primate noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. By at least the late Eocene, the first anthropoid primates had evolved. diurnal. A primate city is a city that is the largest in its country, province, state, or region, and disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy. During this time, most placental mammals were small, probably nocturnal, and probably avoided predators via camouflage and slow, quiet movement. g. The term “monogamy” has undergone redefinition over the years, and is now generally understood to refer to certain social characteristics rather than to genetic monogamy. No hominid has a tail, and none has ischial callosities. Etting, Stephanie. The bottom graph shows how brain size increased over the past 3 million years—especially between 800,000 and 200,000 years ago. 1. all primates excluding the simians. 67 23:00 Bra2Sampaio Corrêa - Avaí 22 43 35 1. The primates are divided into two major taxonomic groups: strepsirrhines, which retain primitive characteristics, such as the lemurs of Madagascar and the bushbabies of Africa, and the more derived haplorrhines, that is, the tarsier, monkeys, and apes. They range in size from the mouse lemur at 30 grams (1 ounce) to the mountain gorilla at 200 kilograms (441 pounds). Explore the evolution, physical characteristics. The study of primates provides insight into why humans engage in conflict and warfare. - how primates acquire food. c. Primates evolved from insectivores (tree shrews, or tupaias, were once classified as the most primitive primates; now they are considered a separate order). 2. They also differ from great. Molecular analyses of the last decades helped solving the major open questions on the external and internal phylogenetic relationships of primates. The largest is the gorilla, weighing up to around 175 kg. Many live in tropical areas, but there is at least one species that lives in a. They play key roles in the structuring and functioning of the ecosystems where they. , _____ is the term applied to nonhuman primates whose diet is not specialized. As a group, primates also have high visual acuity (Figure 2). Although it has been well-recognized that chimpanzees and bonobos are the most closely related species to. The Most Populous Primates Of The World . [1] It is a diverse discipline at the boundary between mammalogy and anthropology, and researchers can be found in academic departments of anatomy, anthropology, biology, medicine, psychology, veterinary sciences and zoology, as well as in animal sanctuaries, biomedical research. one-male, multifemale - One-male, multifemale residence patterns are common among primate groups, such as gorillas. Aotidae: information (1) Aotidae: pictures (6) Aotidae: specimens (20) Family Atelidae howler and prehensile tailed monkeys. The order Primates contains more than 300 species, and it is the third most diverse order of class Mammalia after order Rodentia (rodents) and order Chiroptera (bats). “ Macaca arctoides ” by Frans de Waal is licensed under CC BY 2. diurnal. Primates scamper on the tops of branches, swing beneath them, and even leap acrobatically from tree to tree. How is that possible—and why? By Alissa Greenberg Wednesday, September 21, 2022 NOVA Next. 2 More than 300 extant primate species are recognized today, 3, 4 clearly emphasizing. Primatology is the scientific study of primates. the ability to move on four limbs. Primate, in zoology, any mammal of the group that includes the lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. Another evolutionary trend in primates has been an increasing dependence on complex social behavior. Here, we focus on the organization and diversity within the Order Primates.